PCOS and PCOD manifest due to a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, insulin resistance, and hormonal irregularities. In PCOS, the ovaries produce higher-than-normal levels of androgens, disrupting ovulation and causing the characteristic cysts to form. Similarly, PCOD involves enlarged ovaries with multiple small cysts. Both conditions disrupt the menstrual cycle, leading to irregular periods, fertility challenges, weight gain, acne, and excessive hair growth.